Rice, a versatile crop grown in diverse agro-ecologies, is
vulnerable to environmental shifts, especially due to its substantial water
requirements. The water foot print of rice is very high. About 3000 to 4000 liters of water is required to produce a kilogram of rice in flooded rice cultivation methods. However, advancements in sustainable farming practices, such as direct
seeded rice, the System of Rice Intensification (SRI), Alternate Wetting and
Drying (AWD) methods, and dryland or rainfed rice cultivation, are offering
hope in mitigating methane emissions from conventional rice farming. Adopting these eco-friendly innovations, alongside appropriate seed varieties, holds the
key to ensuring a greener and more resilient future for rice cultivation.
Rice cultivation in Bali, Indonesia
The adverse impacts of climate change, characterized by
erratic weather patterns and extreme events, pose a direct threat to rice
cultivation worldwide. Unpredictable rainfall, prolonged dry spells, and the
ingress of seawater in coastal areas disrupt conventional farming practices
involving waterlogged conditions, jeopardizing yields. Moreover, intensive rice
cultivation has exacerbated methane emissions, contributing to greenhouse gas
buildup. To preserve rice as a sustainable and climate-resilient crop,
transformative approaches are urgently needed. Some of the practices that can
reduce methane emissions are:
Direct-Seeded Rice
Direct-seeded rice (DSR) is a promising alternative to
traditional flooded rice cultivation methods. In DSR, rice is sown directly in
moist fields, reducing water usage by up to 35% compared to puddled fields.
Weed control is achieved through the judicious application of herbicides,
leading to substantial labor and cost savings. DSR also boasts faster maturity,
making it an attractive option for regions with erratic rainfall patterns. In
India, some state governments are offering INR 1500 to INR 4000 per acre to
farmers for switching to direct-seeded rice cultivation.
System of Rice Intensification (SRI)
The System of Rice Intensification (SRI) is a revolutionary
farming method that offers an eco-friendly alternative to conventional rice
cultivation. SRI emphasizes a set of agronomic practices designed to optimize
plant growth and productivity while minimizing environmental impact. Some of
the key components of SRI include:
- Transplanting young and single seedlings at the 3-leaf stage
with wider spacing to promote robust root systems.
- Maintaining intermittent soil moisture through carefully
controlled irrigation, avoiding continuous flooding.
- Incorporating organic matter into the soil to enhance its
fertility and water-retaining capacity.
- Weeding through mechanical or manual means to minimize
herbicide usage.
SRI not only reduces methane emissions by up to 60% compared
to traditional flooded rice fields but also enhances water use efficiency and
promotes soil health. However, successful implementation of SRI requires the
selection of appropriate rice varieties that respond well to these methods and
the use of appropriate machinery for scaling operations.
Please check my blog on Sustainability in Bali: Through the lens of perennial wisdom
Farmer Suweden growing rice adopting SRI method in Bali
Alternate Wetting and Drying (AWD) Methods
Another effective approach to reducing methane emissions is
the implementation of Alternate Wetting and Drying (AWD) methods. Unlike
continuous flooding, AWD allows for periodic drying and re-flooding of rice
fields, maintaining an aerobic environment that suppresses methane production.
By alternating the water level in the fields, AWD significantly reduces methane
emissions while still supporting healthy rice growth.
Dryland or Rainfed Rice Cultivation
Recognizing the challenges posed by water scarcity and
irregular rainfall patterns, dryland or rainfed rice cultivation methods offer
viable solutions. In these systems, rice is grown without continuous flooding,
relying solely on natural precipitation or limited irrigation. These methods
not only save water but also contribute to lower methane emissions.
Selecting Appropriate Seed Varieties
Adopting eco-friendly rice cultivation practices
necessitates choosing suitable seed varieties that respond well to SRI, AWD,
dryland, or rainfed conditions. Scientists and agricultural experts are
continuously developing climate-resilient rice varieties that thrive under
varying water regimes. By selecting high-yielding, drought-tolerant, and
submergence-resistant varieties, farmers can ensure sustainable rice production
in the face of changing climatic conditions.
Climate change poses significant challenges for rice
production, demanding innovative and sustainable solutions. Embracing
eco-friendly technologies such as the System of Rice Intensification (SRI) and
Alternate Wetting and Drying (AWD) methods, alongside dryland or rainfed rice
cultivation, is crucial in reducing methane emissions and conserving water
resources. Additionally, the selection of appropriate seed varieties enhances
the resilience of rice crops in the changing climate. By collaborating closely
with researchers, farmers, seed companies and policymakers, rice producing countries can achieve a greener and
more sustainable rice revolution, safeguarding its agricultural heritage for
generations to come.